The Golden Age of Denial: Orientalism

Above: Jean-Leon Gerome, The Snake Charmer, 1870

From tribal tattoos to tiki bars, Western culture has been enthralled with its own interpretation of "exotic" cultures for centuries. For example, in the 17th century Europeans created their own hybrid form of Far Eastern decorative arts, chinoiserie.

In 1978 the Palestinian-American scholar Edward Said published his influential and controversial book, Orientalism. Said used the term to describe what he argued was a historic Western tradition of prejudiced outsider interpretations of the East as undeveloped and static. In particular, England's imperial steamroller mashed the various cultures of the Middle East into one sensuous and mysterious ideal that depicted the women -- and the men -- as erotic and uninhibited, as well as available.

The homoerotic portrayals walked above the safety net. as the sexualized paintings of young men were merely depicting their culture. The English gentleman could observe these naked young dark-skinned men from the promontory of an interested ethnographer.

Another book, published earlier this year, hit the nail on the head more directly. The Homoerotics of Orientalism(Columbia University Press) by Joseph Allen Boone explains that the cultural exchanges between the Middle East and the West have always been reciprocal and often mutual, and amatory as well as hostile. Boone examines European accounts of Istanbul and Egypt as hotbeds of forbidden desire, juxtaposing Ottoman homoerotic genres and their European imitators. This remarkable study models an ethics of cross-cultural reading that exposes, with nuance and economy, the crucial role played by the homoerotics of Orientalism in shaping the world as we know it today.

Armand-Philippe-Joseph Bera, Portrait of Dominique Vivant, Baron de Denon in Egypt, 1804

Constantin-Jean-Marie Prevost, The Tattooing of a Sailor

The Barber of Suez, Leon Joseph Florentin Bonnat

"One of the best examples of an Orientalist painting that appears homoerotic, at least to a modern viewer, is The Barber of Suez, painted by Leon Bonnat in 1876, a few years after his trip to Egypt. ... A comely young man sits cross-legged on a rug, his robe open at his neck, while another well-muscled man, wearing only a loin cloth, stands behind him, leaning over to shave his chin. The sitting man, with a look of plenitude, nestles his head into the barber's crotch. Hugh Honour remarks on the photographic nature of the picture in which 'these two motionless figures [are] completely absorbed into one another, sealed off in their own world, observed but unobserving'. The contact between head and genitals, the tenderness and intimacy of their barber's gesture, as he spreads the fingers of his free hand over the side of his client's face and the blissful look of the man being shaved, combined with the general portrayal of handsome partially unclothed black men, might well have struck responsive chords in the homosexual viewers. -- Robert Aldrich, Colonialism and Homosexuality

Arabic Dancer, a costume design by Leon Bakst

Jean-Leon Gerome, Pelt Merchant of Cairo

Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson, Revolt in Cairo on 21 October 1798 (detail), 1810

La Dieu Bleu a Pilgrim, Leon Bakst, 1912

Bacanal, Gabriel Morcillo Raya

Raya(1887-1973) was a Spanishpainter.He began hisapprenticeship with hisAuntPaquitaRayaand Schoolof IndustrialArts in hishometown.In 1907he traveled back and forth to toMadridto studywithCecilioPla, as his finances allowed. until 1914.During those years hewas presentedto the National Exhibitionof FineArts,where he earnedan honorable mentionin 1912. From 1922she howed a preference forthe Orientalistthemes.That same year hewas appointed directorof the Residenceof Painters of theAlhambra.In 1925, he was namedan academic ofthe Royal Academyof Fine Arts inGranada,Madrid, andMalaga.Dedicated toteaching, he taughtat the School ofArts and Crafts inGranada.From 1955 to1960 hetraveled toMadridto paintportraits ofFranciscoFrancoand his wife, andAdm.CarreroBlancoandother membersofMadrid's highbourgeoisie.

Gabriel Morcillo Raya

Gabriel Morcillo Raya

Gabriel Morcillo Raya

Gabriel Morcillo Raya

Gabriel Morcillo Raya

Gabriel Morcillo Raya